Factsheets
- General/Policy
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- Frequently Asked Questions about Soil-biodegradable mulches (pdf) [October 2020]
- Glossary of terms associated with soil-biodegradable mulches for specialty crops (pdf) [February 2021]
- National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) – Questions about Soil-Biodegradable Plastic Mulches in Organic Production (pdf) [2021]
- PFAS are Not Present in Soil-Biodegradable Plastic Mulch (pdf) [March 2024]
- Soil-biodegradable Plastic Mulch for Organic Production Systems (pdf) [March 2023]
- What is in a BDM? (pdf) [July 2021]
- Biodegradability of Mulch and Mulch Materials
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- In-Field Biodegradation of Soil-Biodegradable Mulch (pdf) [June 2022]
- Oxo-degradable Plastics Risk Environmental Pollution (pdf) [December 2017]
- Testing Degradation of Soil-Biodegradable Plastic Mulches (pdf) [June 2023]
- Soil Health
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- Crop Production
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- Biodegradable Plastic Mulch and Suitability for Sustainable and Organic Agriculture (FS103E) (pdf) [April 2018]
- Impact of mulching on specialty crop performance (pdf) [May 2024]
- Mechanically laying biodegradable plastic mulch (pdf) [May 2023]
- Soil Fumigation Compatibility with Soil-Biodegradable Plastic Mulch and Tarp Recycling (pdf) [May 2023]
- Storing Soil-biodegradable Plastic Mulch On-Farm (pdf) [May 2023]
- Economics
-
Journal Publications
Written by members of the Biodegradable Mulch project team and their co-authors, these publications reflect our research about biodegradable mulch. Publications are sorted by topic area. Publications that are not linked may be available through a literature search such as Google Scholar, by Digital Object Identifier (DOI), or by contacting the author.
- General/Policy
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- Brodhagen, M., J. Goldberger, D. Hayes, D. Inglis, T. Marsh, and C. Miles. 2017. Policy considerations for limiting unintended residual plastic in agricultural soils. Environmental Science & Policy 69 (March 2017): 81-84. Available online Dec 2016. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.014
- Goldberger, J.R. 2018. Agriculture in the plastic age. 2018 AFHVS presidential address. Agriculture and Human Values, doi:10.1007/s10460-018-9889-x
- Hayes, D.G, M.B. Anunciado, J.M. DeBruyn, S. Bandopadhyay, S. Schaeffer, M. English, S. Ghimire, C. Miles, M. Flury, and H.Y. Sintim. 2019. Biodegradable plastic mulch films for sustainable specialty crop production. In: Gutiérrez T. (eds) Polymers for Agri-Food Applications. Springer, Cham
- Hayes, D.G. 2017. Commentary: The relationship between “biobased,” “biodegradability” and “environmentally friendliness” (or the absence thereof). Editorial in J Am Oil Chem Soc 94: 1329-1331. doi:10.1007/s11746-017-3040-9.
- Madrid, B., S. Wortman, D.G Hayes, J.M DeBruyn, C. Miles, M. Flury, T.L Marsh, S.P. Galinato, K. Englund, S. Agehara, and L.W. DeVetter. 2022. End-of-life management options for agricultural mulch films in the United States. A review. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 6:921496. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.921496
- Miles, C., L. DeVetter, S. Ghimire, and D.G. Hayes. 2017. Suitability of biodegradable plastic mulches for organic and sustainable agricultural production systems. Horticultural Science 52(1): 10-15. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI11249-16.
- Sarpong KA, Adesina FA, DeVetter LW, Zhang K, DeWhitt K, Englund KR, and Miles CA. 2024. Recycling agricultural plastic mulch: limitations and opportunities in the United States. Circular Agricultural Systems 4: e005 doi:10.48130/cas-0024-0003
- Tofanelli, M. B. D., and S. E. Wortman. 2020. Benchmarking the agronomic performance of biodegradable mulches against polyethylene mulch film: A meta-analysis. Agronomy 10: 1618. doi: 10.3390/agronomy10101618.
- Biodegradabability of Mulch and Mulch Materials
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- Adhikari, K., A.F. Astner, J.M. DeBruyn, Y. Yu, D.G. Hayes, B.T. O’Callahan, and M. Flury. 2023. Earthworms exposed to polyethylene and biodegradable microplastics in soil: Microplastic characterization and microbial community analysis. ACS Agricultural Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.2c00333.
- Anunciado, M., L. Wadsworth, S. Ghimire, C. Miles, J. Moore, A. Wszelaki, and D. Hayes. 2021. Deterioration of soil-biodegradable mulch films during storage and its impact on specialty crop production. HortTech 31:798-809. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH04922-21
- Astner, A.F., D.G. Hayes, H. O’Neill, B.R. Evans, S.V. Pingali, V.S. Urban, T.M. Young. 2019. Mechanical formation of micro- and nano-plastic materials for environmental studies in agricultural ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment 685: 1097-1106. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.241
- Brodhagen, M., M. Peyron, C. Miles and D.A. Inglis. 2015. Biodegradable plastic agricultural mulches and key features of microbial degradation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 99:1039-1056. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-6267-5.
- Cowan, J., A. Saxton, H. Liu, K. Leonas, D. Inglis, and C. Miles. 2016. Visual assessments of biodegradable mulch are not indicative of changes in mechanical properties. Horticultural Science 51(3): 245-254.
- Dharmalingam, S., D.G. Hayes, L.C. Wadsworth, and R.N. Dunlap. 2015. Analysis of the time course of degradation for fully biobased nonwoven agricultural mulches in compost-enriched soil.Textile Research Journal, first online publishing Nov. 11. doi:10.1177/0040517515612358.
- Dharmalingam, S., D.G. Hayes, L.C. Wadsworth, and R.N. Dunlap, J.M. DeBruyn, J. Lee, A.L Wszelaki. 2015. Soil degradation of polylactic acid / polyhydroxyalkanoate-based nonwoven mulches. J. Polym. Environ. 23(3): 302-315. doi:10.1007/s10924-015-0716-9.
- Ghimire, S., M. Flury, E. Scheenstra, and C. Miles. 2020. Sampling and degradation of biodegradable plastic and paper mulches in field after tillage incorporation. Science of the Total Environment 703:135577 doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135577.
- Griffin-LaHue, D., S. Ghimire, Y. Yu, E. Scheenstra, C. Miles, and M. Flury. 2022. In-field degradation of soil-biodegradable plastic mulch films in a Mediterranean climate. Science of the Total Environment. 806(1):150238. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150238
- Hablot, E., S. Dharmalingam, D.G. Hayes, L.C. Wadsworth, C. Blazy, and R. Narayan. 2014. Effects of simulated weathering on physiochemical properties and inherent biodegradation of PLA/PHA nonwoven mulches. J. Polym. Environ. 22(4): 417-429.
- Hayes, D. G. S. Dharmalingam, L.C. Wadsworth, K.K. Leonas, C. Miles, and D.A. Inglis. 2012. Biodegradable agricultural mulches derived from biopolymers. In: Degradable Polymers and Materials, Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition (ACS Symposium Series, Volume 1114), Kishan C. Khemani and Carmen Scholz, Eds., Washington, DC, American Chemical Society, pp. 201-223. doi:10.1021/bk-2012-1114.ch013
- Hayes, D., L. Wadsworth, H. Sintim, M. Flury, M. English, S. Schaeffer, A. Saxton. 2017. Effect of diverse weathering conditions on the physiochemical properties of biodegradable plastic mulches. Polymer Testing 62 (September 2017): 454-467. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.07.027.
- Maimekov, Adilet. 2011. WSU non-thesis M.S. Factors determining prices of commodity thermoplastics. WSU School of Economic Sciences, Pullman, WA. 36 p.
- Sintim, H., A. Bary, D. Hayes, M. English, S. Schaeffer, C. Miles, A. Zelenyuk, K. Suski, and M. Flury. 2019. Release of micro- and nanoparticles from biodegradable plastic during in situ composting. System for Science of the Total Environment 675:686–693.
- Smith, B.R., L.C. Wadsworth, M.G. Kamath, A.L. Wszelaki, and C.E. Sams. 2008. Development of Next Generation Biodegradable Mulch Nonwovens to Replace Polyethylene Plastic (pdf). Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Textiles, October 21–24, Wuxi, China.
- Wadsworth, L.C., D.G. Hayes, A.L. Wszelaki, T.L. Washington, J. Martin, J. Lee, R. Raley, C.T. Pannell, S. Dharmalingam, C.A. Miles, A.M. Saxton, and D.A. Inglis. 2013. Evaluation of degradable spun-melt 100% polylactic acid nonwoven mulch materials in a greenhouse environment. J. of Eng. Fibers and Fabrics 8(4):50-59.
- Wadsworth, L.C., A.L. Wszelaki, D.G. Hayes, and B.R. Smith. 2009. Development of Enhanced Biodegradable Mulch Nonwovens to Replace Plastic Films (pdf). Proceedings of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists International Conference, March 10–12, Myrtle Beach, SC.
- Wadsworth, L.C., A.L. Wszelaki, D.G. Hayes, and B.R. Smith, 2009. Development of Next Generation of Biodegradable Mulch Nonwovens to Replace Plastic Films (pdf). Proceedings of the International Nonwovens Technical Conference, Denver, CO.
- Yu, Yingxue, Deirdre E. Griffin-LaHue, Carol A. Miles, Douglas G. Hayes, and Markus Flury. 2021. Are micro- and nanoplastics from soil-biodegradable plastic mulches an environmental concern? Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 4: 100024. doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2021.100024
- Yu, Y., A.F. Astner, T.M. Zahid, I. Chowdhury, D.G. Hayes, and M. Flury. 2023. UV-weathering and proteins affect aggregation kinetics and stability of biodegradable nanoplastics in aquatic environments. Water Research, 120018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120018.
- Zhang, L., H.Y. Sintim, A.I.Bary, D.G. Hayes, L.C. Wadsworth, M.B. Anunciado, M. Flury. 2018. Interaction of Lumbricus terrestris with macroscopic polyethylene and biodegradable plastic mulch. Science of the Total Environment. 635 (2018): 1600-1608. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.054.
- Soil Health
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- Bailes, G., M. Lind, A. Ely, M. Powell, J. Moore-Kucera, C. Miles, D. Inglis, and M. Brodhagen. 2013. Isolation of native soil microorganisms with potential for breaking down biodegradable plastic films used in agriculture. J. Vis. Exp. (75), e50373, doi:10.3791/50373.
- Bandopadhyay, S., L. Martin-Closas, A. M. Pelacho, and J. DeBruyn. 2018. Biodegradable plastic mulch films: Impact on soil microbial communities and ecosystem functions. Frontiers in Mircobiology, 26 April 2018. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00819.
- Brodhagen, M., M. Peyron, C. Miles, and D.A. Inglis. 2015. Biodegradable plastic agricultural mulches and key features of microbial degradation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 99:1039-1056. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6267-5
- Li, C., J. Moore-Kucera, J. Lee, A. Corbin, M. Brodhagen, C. Miles, and D. Inglis. 2014. Degradation of potentially biodegradable plastic mulch films at three diverse U.S. locations. Journal of Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 38(7): doi:10.1080/21683565.2014.884515.
- Li, C., J. Moore-Kucera, J. Lee, A. Corbin, M. Brodhagen, C. Miles, and D. Inglis. 2014. Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil quality. Applied Soil Ecology 79:59-69.
- Moore-Kucera, J., S.B. Cox, M. Peyron, G. Bailes, K. Kinloch, K. Karich, C. Miles, D.A. Inglis, and M. Brodhagen. 2014. Native soil fungi associated with compostable plastics in three contrasting agricultural settings. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 98(14): 6467-6485. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-5711-x
- Saglam, M., H.Y. Sintim, A.I. Bary, C.A. Miles, S. Ghimire, D.A. Inglis, M. Flury. 2017. Modeling the effect of biodegradable paper and plastic mulch on soil moisture dynamics. Agric. Water Manage. 193: 240-250.
- Schaeffer, S.M., M. Flury, H.Y. Sintim, S. Bandopadhyay, S. Ghimire, A.I. Bary, and J.M. DeBruyn. 2015. Soil physical characteristics and biological indicators of soil quality under different biodegradable mulches. AGU Annual Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, December 14-15, 2015.
- Sintim, H.Y., Bandopadhyay, S., English, M.E., Bary, A.I., Liquet y González, J.E., DeBruyn, J.M., Schaeffer, S.M., Miles, C.A., Flury, M. 2020. Four Years of continuous use of soil-biodegradable plastic mulch: impact on soil and groundwater quality. Geoderma 381:114665 doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114665.
- Sintim, H.Y., S. Bandopadhyay, M.E. English, A.I. Bary, J.M. DeBruyn, S.M. Schaeffer, C.A. Miles, J.P. Reganold, M. Flury. 2019. Impacts of biodegradable plastic mulches on soil health. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 273 (2019): 36-49. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2018.12.002
- Sintim, H.Y., A.I. Bary, D.G. Hayes, M.E. English, S.M. Schaeffer, C.A. Miles, A. Zelenyuk, K. Suski, and M. Flury. 2019. Release of micro- and nanoparticles from biodegradable plastic during in situ composting. Science of the Total Environment 675 (2019): 686-693. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.179.
- Sintim, H. and M. Flury. 2017. Is biodegradable plastic mulch the solution to agriculture’s plastic problem? Environmental Science & Technology, 51(3): 1068-1069. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b0b042
- Sintim, H., S. Bandopadhyay, S. Ghimire, M. Flury, A. Bary, S. Schaeffer, J. DeBruyn, C. Miles, and D. Inglis. 2016. Soil quality and coloid transport under biodegradable mulches. EGU General Assembly 2016, Vienna, Austria, p. 18410.
- Sintim, H.Y., S. Bandopadhyay, S. Ghimire, M. Flury, A.I. Bary, S. Schaeffer, J.M. DeBruyn, C. Miles, D. Inglis. 2015. Soil quality, moisture, and temperature evaluation under different biodegradable mulches. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, Nov. 15-18.
- Crop Production
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- Corbin, A., J. Cowan, C.A. Miles, D. Hayes, J. Dorgan, D.A. Inglis, D.A. January 2013. Using Biodegradable Plastics as Agricultural Mulches. Washington State University Extension publication FS081E. 6 p.
- Cowan, J.S., C.A. Miles, P.K. Andrews, and D.A. Inglis. 2014. Biodegradable mulch performed comparable to polyethylene in high tunnel tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production. J. Sci. Food Agric. 94:1854-1864. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6504.
- Cowan, J.S., D.A. Inglis, and C.A. Miles. 2013. Deterioration of three potentially biodegradable plastic mulches before and after soil incorporation in a broccoli field production system in northwestern Washington. HortTechnology 23(6):849-858.
- Cowan, J., C. Miles, D. Inglis, K. Leonas, J. Moore-Kucera, A. Wszelaki, R. Wallace, D. Hayes, and L. Wadsworth. 2010. Evaluating potential biodegradable mulches for high tunnel and field vegetable production. Proceedings Agricultural Plastics Congress, July 31–August 1, Palm Desert, CA. (Abstract, oral presentation and proceedings)
- DeVetter, L.W, H. Zhang, S. Ghimere, S. Watkinson, and C.A. Miles. 2017. Plastic biodegradable mulches reduce weeds and promote crop growth in day-neutral strawberry in western Washington. Horticultural Science 52(12): 1700-1706. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI12422-17. (cover article)
- Ghimire, S., E. Scheenstra, and C. Miles. 2020. Soil-biodegradable mulches for growth and yield of sweet corn in Mediterranean-type climate. HortScience 55:317-325. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI14667-19.
- Ghimire, S., A.L. Wszelaki, J.C. Moore, D.A. Inglis, and C.A. Miles. 2018. Use of biodegradable mulches in pie pumpkin production in two diverse climates. Horticultural Science 53(3):288-294. doi:10.21273/hortsci12630-17.
- Madrid, B., H. Zhang, C.A. Miles, M. Kraft, D. Griffin-LaHue and L. W. DeVetter. 2022. Humic and acetic acids have the potential to enhance deterioration of select plastic soil-biodegradable mulches in a Mediterranean climate. Agriculture. 12(6):865. doi:10.3390/agriculture12060865
- Miles, C., L. DeVetter, S. Ghimire, and D.G. Hayes. 2017. Suitability of biodegradable plastic mulches for organic and sustainable agricultural production systems. Horticultural Science 52(1): 10-15. ddoi:10.21273/HORTSCI11249-16.
- Miles, C., R. Wallace, A. Wszelaki, J. Martin, J. Cowan, T. Walters, and D. Inglis. 2012. Deterioration of potentially biodegradable alternatives to black plastic mulch in three tomato production regions. HortSci. 47:1270-1277.
- Miles, C. and T. Marsh. 2012. Biodegradable plastic mulches, China and U.S. In: Profit from Storage: The costs and benefits of water buffering.
- Miles, C., D. Hayes, J. Moore-Kucera, M. Brodhagen, T. Marsh, A. Corbin, R. Wallace, A. Wszelaki, T. Walters, J. Lee, and D. Inglis. 2011. Biodegradable alternatives to plastic mulch. In: Transforming Lives Transforming Landscapes. The Business of Sustainable Water Buffer Management.
- Moore, J. and A. Wszelaki. 2019. The use of biodegradable mulches in pepper production in the southeastern United States. Horticultural Science 54(6):1031-1038. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI13942-19.
- Shrestha, S. and C. Miles. 2022. Plastic mulch and in-row spacing effects on sweetpotato yield in northwest Washington. HortTechnology. 32:241-251. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH04992-21
- Steenbergen, F. van, A. Tuinhof, and L. Knoop (Eds). Wageningen, The Netherlands: 3R Water Secretariat. ISBN:978-90-79658-05-3. Pp. 80-84.
- Steenbergen, F. van, A. Tuinhof, and L. Knoop (Eds). Wageningen, The Netherlands: 3R Water Secretariat. Pp. 84-89.
- Tymon, L, and Inglis, D. 2017. Identification and pathogenicity of a Pseudomonas syringae genomospecies 1 phylogroup 2B causing leaf spots and fruit warts on cucurbits in western Washington, U.S. J. Plant Path 99(3). doi:10.4454/jpp.v99i3.3956.
- Wang, X., C. Mattupalli, G. Chastagner, L. Tymon, Z. Wu, S. Jung, H. Liu, and L.W. DeVetter. 2023. Physical characteristics of soil-biodegradable and nonbiodegradable plastic mulches impact conidial splash dispersal of Botrytis cinerea. PLoS ONE 18(5): e0285094. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285094
- Wang, X., S. Shrestha, L. Tymon, H. Zhang, C. Miles, and L. DeVetter. 2022. Soil-biodegradable mulch is an alternative to non-biodegradable plastic mulches in a strawberry-lettuce double cropping system. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 6:942645. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.942645
- Zhang, H., C. Miles, B. Gerdeman, D.G, LaHue, and L.W. DeVetter. 2021. Plastic mulch use in perennial fruit cropping systems – A review. Scientia Horticulturae, 281, p.109975.
- Zhang, H., C. Miles, M. Flury, H. Liu, and L.W. DeVetter. 2020. Soil-biodegradable plastic mulches undergo minimal in-soil degradation in a perennial raspberry system after 18 months. Horticulturae 6(3):47. doi:10.3390/horticulturae6030047.
- Zhang, H., L. DeVetter, E. Scheenstra, and C. Miles. 2020. Weed pressure, yield, and adhesion of soil-biodegradable mulches with pie pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo). HortScience 55:1014-1021. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI15017-20.
- Zhang, H., C. Miles, S. Ghimire, C. Benedict, I. Zasada, H. Liu, and L.W. DeVetter. 2020. Plastic mulches improved plant growth and suppressed weeds in late summer-planted floricane-fruiting raspberry. HortScience 55:565–572. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI14734-19.
- Zhang, H., C. Miles, S. Ghimire, C. Benedict, I. Zasada, and L.W. DeVetter. 2019. Polyethylene and biodegradable plastic mulches improve growth, yield, and weed management in floricane red raspberry. Sci. Hort. 250:371-379. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.02.067.
- Adoption and Use
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- Benedict, C., and C. Miles. 2016. Designing and implementing multi-dimensional outreach activities. Horticultural Science 51(9):S330 (Conf abstract).
- Cowan, J., J. Goldberger, C. Miles, and D. Inglis. 2015. Creating tactile space during a university extension field day event: The case of a sustainable agriculture innovation. Rural Sociology. doi:10.1111/ruso.12073
- Cowan, J. S., Goldberger, J. R., Miles, C. A., and Inglis, D. A. 2015. Creating Tactile Space during a University Extension Field Day Event: The Case of a Sustainable Agriculture Innovation. Rural Sociology, 80: 456–482.
- Dentzman, K. and J.R. Goldberger. 2020. Organic standards, farmers’ perceptions, and the contested case of biodegradable plastic mulch in the United States. J. Rural Studies. 73:203-213.
- Dentzman, K. and J.R. Goldberger. 2020. Plastic scraps: biodegradable mulch films and the aesthetics of ‘good farming’ in US specialty crop production. Agriculture and Human Values 37:83-96.
- Goldberger, J.R., L.W. DeVetter, and K.E. Dentzman. 2019. Polyethylene and biodegradable plastic mulches for strawberry production in the United States: Experiences and opinions of growers in three regions. HortTechnology 29:619-628.
- Dentzman, K.E. and J.R. Goldberger. 2019. Organic standards, farmers’ perceptions, and the contested case of biodegradable plastic mulch in the United States. Journal of Rural Studies. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.11.002
- Dentzman, K. and J. Goldberger. 2019. Plastic scraps: biodegradable mulch films and the aesthetics of ‘good farming’ in US specialty crop production. Agriculture and Human Values. doi:10.1007/s10460-019-09970-x
- Ghimire, S., M. Flury, E.J. Scheenstra, and C.A. Miles. 2019. Sampling and Degradation of Biodegradable Plastic and Paper Mulches in Field after Tillage Incorporation. Science of the Total Environment. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135577
- Ghimire, S., A.M. Saxton, A.L. Wszelaki, J.C. Moore, and C.A. Miles. 2017. Reliability of soil sampling method to assess visible biodegradable mulch fragments remaining in the field after soil incorporation. HortTechnology 27(5): 650-658. doi:10.21273/horttech03821-17.
- Goldberger, J., R. Jones, C. Miles, R. Wallace, and D. Inglis. 2015. Barriers and bridges to the adoption of biodegradable plastic mulches for U.S. specialty crop production. Renew. Agr. Food Syst. 30(2):143-153.
- Goldberger, J.R., L.W. DeVetter, and K.E. Dentzman. 2019. Polyethylene and Biodegradable Plastic Mulches for Strawberry Production in the United States: Experiences and Opinions of Growers in Three Regions. HortTechnology 29(5):619-628. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH04303-19
- Goldberger, J., R. Jones, C. Miles, R. Wallace, and D. Inglis. 2013. Barriers and bridges to the adoption of biodegradable plastic mulches for U.S. specialty crop production. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. doi:10.1017/S1742170513000276
- Miles, C., C. Beus, A. Corbin, R. Wallace, A. Wszelaki, H. Saez, T. Walters, K. Leonas, M. Brodhagen, D. Hayes, and D. Inglis. 2009. Research and extension priorities to ensure adaptation of high tunnels and biodegradable plastic mulch in the United States (pdf). Agricultural Plastics Congress, July 13–16, College Station, Pennsylvania.
- Velandia, M., K.L. DeLong, A. Wszelaki, S. Schexnayder, C. Clark, and K. Jensen. Use of Polyethylene and Plastic Biodegradable Mulches among Tennessee Fruit and Vegetable Growers. HortTechnology 30:212-218.
- Economics
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- Chen, K.-J., T.L. Marsh, P.R. Tozer, and S.P. Galinato. 2018. Biotechnology to sustainability: Consumer preferences for food products grown on biodegradable mulches. Food Research International. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.013
- Cowan, J.S., C.A. Miles, P.K. Andrews, and D.A. Inglis. 2014. Biodegradable mulch performed comparable to polyethylene in high tunnel tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production. J. Sci. Food Agric. 94:1854-1864.
- Dabirian, S., D. Inglis, and C. Miles. 2017. Grafting watermelon and using plastic mulch to control Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae in Washington. HortSci. 52:349-356.
- DeVetter, L.W., H. Zhang, S. Ghimire, Watkinson, and C.A. Miles. 2017. Plastic biodegradable mulches reduce weeds and promote crop growth in day-neutral strawberry in western Washington. HortScience 52:1700-1706. Cover article.
- Ghimire, S., E. Scheenstra, and C. Miles. 2020. Soil-biodegradable mulches for growth and yield of sweet corn in Mediterranean-type climate. HortScience 55:317-325.
- Ghimire, S., A.L. Wszelaki, J.C. Moore, D.A. Inglis, and C. Miles. 2018. The use of biodegradable mulches in pie pumpkin crop production in two diverse climates. HortScience 53:288-294.
- Hayes, D.G., M.B. Anunciado, J.M. DeBruyn, S. Bandopadhyay, S. Schaeffer, M. English, S. Ghimire, C. Miles, M. Flury, and H.Y. Sintim. 2019. Biodegradable plastic mulch films for sustainable specialty crop production. In: Polymers for Agri-Food Applications (ACS Symposium Series, Volume 1114), Gutierrez, Tomy, Ed., Washington, DC, American Chemical Society, pp. 183-213. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19416-1_11; ISBN: 978-3-030-19415-4.
- Jiang, J., T.L. Marsh, and P.R.Tozer. 2015. Policy induced price volatility transmission: Linking the U.S. crude oil, corn and plastic markets. Energy Economics. 52, Part A: 217-225. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2015.10.008
- Tofanelli M. B. D., and S. E. Wortman. 2020. Benchmarking the agronomic performance of biodegradable mulches against polyethylene mulch film: A meta-analysis. Agronomy 10: 1618.
- Zhang, H., C. Miles, S. Ghimire, C. Benedict, I. Zasada, H. Liu, and L.W. DeVetter. 2020. Plastic mulches improved plant growth and suppressed weeds in late summer-planted floricane-fruiting raspberry. HortScience 55:565–572.
- Zhang, H., C. Miles, S. Ghimire, C. Benedict, I. Zasada, and L.W. DeVetter. 2019. Polyethylene and biodegradable plastic mulches improve growth, yield, and weed management in floricane red raspberry. Sci. Hort. 250:371-379.
- Zhang, H., L. DeVetter, E. Scheenstra, and C. Miles. 2020. Weed pressure, yield, and adhesion of soil-biodegradable mulches with pie pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo). HortScience 55:1014-1021.